For instance, on Ubuntu Xenial, I need to install the mbstring PHP extension. I issue the command sudo apt-get install php-mbstring to do so.
With dpkg, I can see two packages related to the module: php-mbstring and php7.0-mbstring.
Did they get installed together? And if they're similar packages, how can I know which one is being used (or which one to use)?
When Debian changes to another version of PHP (8.0), php-mbstring will pull in the correct package automatically.
php#.#-mbstring has the code.
php-mbstring has no code, and simply depends upon the correct package with code. This is called a transitional package or dummy package or metapackage.
The same method of a generically-named metapackge to manage automatic upgrades is used to upgrade your kernel.
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