我正在尝试使用此链接实现MVC模式。一切正常，直到我使用其控制器创建了第二帧。第一帧的控制器仍然有效，因为该代码已被以下内容阻止：
app.MainLoop()
但是当第二个控制器（在按钮事件中创建）时，将被GC化，因为它已经脱离上下文了。我不想将控制器引用到视图，因为我想尝试被动视图方法，即视图很笨，控制器会更新视图，这也会引起循环引用。
这是我调用控制器的方式：
def OnClick(self, evt):
controller = MyController2()
如果我像这样将控制器引用到父控制器：
def OnClick(self, evt):
self.controller = MyController2()
控制器仍在运行，但是即使我关闭第二帧，控制器也不会仍在运行吗？如何使第二个控制器保持活动状态，但在关闭其视图后仍可以将其GC化？我也想使视图保持逻辑清晰，因为它已经包含了小部件定义（我在一帧中有很多小部件）。
对于我的英语不好，我们将不胜感激。
编辑：
这是我的控制器获取垃圾的示例。本示例使用眨眼而不是pubsub。
import wx
from blinker import signal
class ChildView(wx.Frame):
def __init__(self, parent):
wx.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
sizer = wx.BoxSizer()
self.btn_child = wx.Button(self, label="click me")
sizer.Add(self.btn_child)
self.SetSizer(sizer)
self.Center()
# events
self.btn_child.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.on_btn_child_click)
def on_btn_child_click(self, event):
signal("child.btn_child_click").send(self)
class ChildController(object):
def __init__(self, parent):
self.view = ChildView(parent)
self.subscribe_signal()
self.view.Show()
def subscribe_signal(self):
signal("child.btn_child_click").connect(self.on_btn_child_click)
def on_btn_child_click(self, sender):
print "button on child clicked"
class ParentView(wx.Frame):
def __init__(self, parent):
wx.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
sizer = wx.BoxSizer()
self.btn = wx.Button(self, label="show child window")
sizer.Add(self.btn)
self.SetSizer(sizer)
self.Center()
# events
self.btn.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.on_btn_click)
def on_btn_click(self, event):
signal("parent.btn_click").send(self)
class ParentController(object):
def __init__(self):
self.view = ParentView(None)
self.subscribe_signal()
self.view.Show()
def subscribe_signal(self):
signal("parent.btn_click").connect(self.on_btn_click)
def on_btn_click(self, sender):
child_controller = ChildController(self.view)
def main():
app = wx.App()
controller = ParentController()
app.MainLoop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
如您所见，孩子的按钮无法正常工作，因为它的控制器已经被垃圾回收了（没有人引用该控制器）。我已经尝试过一些解决方案，例如：
在父控制器中引用子控制器。子项关闭后，除非我手动删除它或将其替换为新的控制器（重新打开子项窗口），否则子项控制器将仍然有效。如果控制器保存大量数据，这尤其糟糕。
控制器和视图之间的循环引用（在controller-> view上具有weakref）。这是我最好的选择，但我想避免循环引用。
因此，我应该在哪里引用孩子的控制器以使其保持生命？
好吧，这是一个大话题：如何在wxPython中执行MVC。没有一个正确的答案。选择任何答案，您都会在尝试认真遵循设计模式时遇到困难的选择。
那里的一些示例不够复杂，无法解决其中的一些问题。这是我创建的一个示例，试图说明适用于我的方法。
您可以看到在View元素的创建和控制器之间没有任何耦合，并且控制器拥有“设置应用程序”的逻辑。视图确实是被动的-它的元素仅在需要满足控制器动作时才存在。
我添加了两个视图实现，您可以在使用命令行参数之间进行选择。我要显示的是，这是对您是否已实现良好的控制器/视图分离的真实测试-您应该能够插入其他视图实现，而不必完全更改控制器。控制器取决于业务逻辑（包括应用程序中可能发生的事件的种类）和模型API。它不依赖于视图中的任何内容。
档案：mvc_demo_banking_simulator.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# This is a demo/example of how you might do MVC (Passive View) in wxpython.
import sys
import wx
from wx.lib.pubsub import setupkwargs
from wx.lib.pubsub import pub
from enum import Enum
import logging
import bank_view
import bank_view_separate_frames
#####
# The control events that the Controller can process
# Usually this would be in a module imported by each of M, V and C
# These are the possible values for the "event" parameter of an APP_EVENT message
class AppEvents(Enum):
APP_EXIT = 0
APP_ADD_WORKPLACE = 1
APP_ADD_CUSTOMER = 2
CUSTOMER_DEPOSIT = 3
CUSTOMER_WITHDRAWAL = 4
CUSTOMER_EARN = 5
PERSON_WORK = 6
EARN_REVENUE = 7
#############
#
class Controller:
def __init__(self, view_separate_frames):
self._log = logging.getLogger("MVC Logger")
self._log.info("MVC Main Controller: starting...")
pub.subscribe(self.OnAppEvent, "APP_EVENT")
if view_separate_frames:
self._view = bank_view_separate_frames.MainWindow("Demo MVC - Bank Simulator")
else:
self._view = bank_view.MainWindow("Demo MVC - Bank Simulator")
# Note that this controller can conceptually handle many customers and workplaces,
# even though the current view implementations can't...
self._customers = []
self._workplaces = []
# Here is the place in the controller where we restore the app state from storage,
# or (as in this case) create from scratch
self._customers.append(CustomerModel("Fred Nerks"))
self._bank = BankModel()
self._bank.CreateAccountFor(self._customers[0])
self._view.AddBank(self._bank)
self._view.AddCustomer(self._customers[0])
def OnAppEvent(self, event, value=None):
if event == AppEvents.APP_EXIT:
self._log.info("MVC Controller: exit requested.")
# do any necessary state saving...
# ... then:
sys.exit()
elif event == AppEvents.APP_ADD_WORKPLACE:
self._log.info("Main Controller: Add workplace requested...")
self._workplaces.append(WorkplaceModel("Workplace %d" % (len(self._workplaces)+1) ))
# Note: here the controller is implementing application business logic driving interactions between models
new_workplace = self._workplaces[-1]
for customer in self._customers:
if customer.AcceptEmployment(new_workplace):
new_workplace.AddEmployee(customer)
self._view.AddWorkplace(new_workplace)
elif event == AppEvents.CUSTOMER_DEPOSIT:
(the_customer, the_amount) = value
self._log.info("customer deposit funds requested(%s)..." % the_customer.name)
the_customer.DepositFunds(the_amount)
elif event == AppEvents.CUSTOMER_WITHDRAWAL:
(the_customer, the_amount) = value
self._log.info("customer withdraw funds requested(%s)..." % the_customer.name)
the_customer.WithdrawFunds(the_amount)
elif event == AppEvents.CUSTOMER_EARN:
the_customer = value
self._log.info("customer earn requested(%s)..." % the_customer.name)
the_customer.Work()
elif event == AppEvents.PERSON_WORK:
the_person = value
self._log.info("request for customer %s to work ..." % customer.name)
the_person.Work()
elif event == AppEvents.EARN_REVENUE:
self._log.info("request for sales revenue payment ...")
the_workplace = value
the_workplace.EarnFromSales()
else:
raise Exception("Unknown APP_EVENT: %s" % event)
#################
#
# Models
#
class AccountModel:
def __init__(self, owner, bank):
self._balance = 0
self._owner = owner
self._bank = bank
def AddMoney(self, amount):
self._balance += amount
self._bank.ReceiveMoney(amount)
def RemoveMoney(self, amount):
withdrawal_amount = min(amount, self._balance) # they can't take out more than their account balance
pay_amount = self._bank.PayMoney(withdrawal_amount)
self._balance -= pay_amount
return pay_amount
class CustomerModel:
def __init__(self, name):
self._log = logging.getLogger("MVC Logger")
self._log.info("Customer %s logging started" % name)
self.name = name
self._cash = 0
self._account = None
self._employer = None
def GetAccount(self, account):
self._account = account
def CashInHand(self):
return self._cash
def AcceptEmployment(self, workplace):
self._employer = workplace
self._log.info("%s accepted employment at %s" % (self.name, workplace.name))
return True
def Work(self):
if self._employer:
self._cash += self._employer.RequestPay(self)
pub.sendMessage("CUSTOMER_BALANCE_EVENT", value = self)
else:
self._log.info("%s cant work, not employed" % self.name)
def DepositFunds(self, amount):
deposit_amount = min(amount, self._cash) # can't deposit more than we have
self._cash -= deposit_amount
self._account.AddMoney(deposit_amount)
pub.sendMessage("CUSTOMER_BALANCE_EVENT", value = self)
def WithdrawFunds(self, amount):
amount_received = self._account.RemoveMoney(amount)
self._cash += amount_received
pub.sendMessage("CUSTOMER_BALANCE_EVENT", value = self)
class BankModel:
def __init__(self):
self._funds = 0
self._accounts = {}
def Funds(self):
return self._funds
def CreateAccountFor(self, owner):
new_account = AccountModel(owner, self)
self._accounts[owner.name] = new_account
owner.GetAccount(new_account)
def PayMoney(self, amount):
paid = min(self._funds, amount)
self._funds -= paid
pub.sendMessage("BANK_BALANCE_EVENT")
return paid
def ReceiveMoney(self, amount):
self._funds += amount
pub.sendMessage("BANK_BALANCE_EVENT")
class WorkplaceModel:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
self._employees = []
self._standardWage = 10
self._funds = 0
self._salesRevenue = 20
def AddEmployee(self, employee):
self._employees.append(employee)
def EarnFromSales(self):
self._funds += self._salesRevenue
pub.sendMessage("WORKPLACE_BALANCE_EVENT")
def Funds(self):
return self._funds
def RequestPay(self, employee):
# (should check if employee is legit)
paid = min(self._funds, self._standardWage)
self._funds -= paid
pub.sendMessage("WORKPLACE_BALANCE_EVENT")
return paid
##############
#
#
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
view_separate_frames = False
if len(sys.argv) > 1:
if sys.argv[1] == "view-separate-frames":
view_separate_frames = True
app = wx.App()
controller = Controller(view_separate_frames)
app.MainLoop()
文件bank_view.py
import wx
from enum import Enum
from wx.lib.pubsub import setupkwargs
from wx.lib.pubsub import pub
import logging
#####
# The control events that the Controller can process
# Usually this would be in a module imported by each of M, V and C
# These are the possible values for the "event" parameter of an APP_EVENT message
class AppEvents(Enum):
APP_EXIT = 0
APP_ADD_WORKPLACE = 1
APP_ADD_CUSTOMER = 2
CUSTOMER_DEPOSIT = 3
CUSTOMER_WITHDRAWAL = 4
CUSTOMER_EARN = 5
PERSON_WORK = 6
EARN_REVENUE = 7
#################
#
# View
#
class MainWindow(wx.Frame):
def __init__(self, title):
wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, -1, title)
self._log = logging.getLogger("MVC Logger")
self._log.info("MVC View - separate workspace: starting...")
self._bankStatusDisplay = None
self._customerUIs = {}
self._workplaceUIs = {}
# this is where we will put display elements - it's up to the controller to add them
self._sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.HORIZONTAL)
self.SetSizer(self._sizer)
# but we do need one button immediately...
add_workplace_button = wx.Button(self, label="Add Workplace")
self._sizer.Add(add_workplace_button)
self._sizer.Layout()
self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self._OnAddWorkplaceClick, add_workplace_button)
# These are the events that cause us to update our display
pub.subscribe(self._OnCustomerBalanceChange, "CUSTOMER_BALANCE_EVENT")
pub.subscribe(self._OnBankBalanceChange, "BANK_BALANCE_EVENT")
self.Show()
def _OnAddWorkplaceClick(self, event):
pub.sendMessage("APP_EVENT", event = AppEvents.APP_ADD_WORKPLACE)
def AddWorkplace(self, workplace):
self._workplaceUIs[workplace.name] = the_ui = WorkplaceInterface(self, workplace)
self._sizer.Add(the_ui)
self._sizer.Layout()
def AddBank(self, bank):
if not(self._bankStatusDisplay):
self._bankStatusDisplay = BankStatusDisplay(self, bank)
self._sizer.Add(self._bankStatusDisplay)
self._sizer.Layout()
else:
raise Exception("We can only handle one bank at the moment")
def AddCustomer(self, customer):
self._customerUIs[customer.name] = the_ui = CustomerInterface(self, customer)
self._sizer.Add(the_ui)
self._sizer.Layout()
def _OnCustomerBalanceChange(self, value):
customer = value
self._customerUIs[customer.name].UpdateBalance()
def _OnBankBalanceChange(self):
self._bankStatusDisplay.Update()
class BankStatusDisplay(wx.Panel):
def __init__(self, parent, bank):
wx.Panel.__init__(self, parent, style = wx.RAISED_BORDER)
self._bank = bank
sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
label = wx.StaticText(self, label="Bank Funds")
balance_display = wx.TextCtrl(self)
balance_display.SetEditable(False)
balance_display.SetValue('$' + str(bank.Funds()))
sizer.Add(label, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(balance_display, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
self.SetSizer(sizer)
self._balanceDisplay = balance_display
def Update(self):
self._balanceDisplay.SetValue('$' + str(self._bank.Funds()))
class CustomerInterface(wx.Panel):
def __init__(self, parent, customer):
wx.Panel.__init__(self, parent, style = wx.RAISED_BORDER)
self._customer = customer
self._standardTransaction = 5 # how much customers try to deposit and withdraw
sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
label = wx.StaticText(self, label=customer.name)
self._balanceDisplay = wx.TextCtrl(self)
self._balanceDisplay.SetEditable(False)
self._balanceDisplay.SetValue('$' + str(customer.CashInHand()))
deposit_button = wx.Button(self, label="Deposit $" + str(self._standardTransaction))
withdraw_button = wx.Button(self, label="Withdraw $" + str(self._standardTransaction))
earn_button = wx.Button(self, label="Earn Money")
sizer.Add(label, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(self._balanceDisplay, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(deposit_button, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(withdraw_button, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(earn_button, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self._OnDepositClick, deposit_button)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self._OnWithdrawClick, withdraw_button)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self._OnEarnClick, earn_button)
self.SetSizer(sizer)
self.Show()
def _OnDepositClick(self, event):
pub.sendMessage("APP_EVENT", event = AppEvents.CUSTOMER_DEPOSIT, value = (self._customer, self._standardTransaction))
def _OnWithdrawClick(self, event):
pub.sendMessage("APP_EVENT", event = AppEvents.CUSTOMER_WITHDRAWAL, value = (self._customer, self._standardTransaction))
def _OnEarnClick(self, event):
pub.sendMessage("APP_EVENT", event = AppEvents.CUSTOMER_EARN, value = self._customer)
def UpdateBalance(self):
self._balanceDisplay.SetValue('$' + str(self._customer.CashInHand()))
class WorkplaceInterface(wx.Panel):
def __init__(self, parent, workplace):
wx.Panel.__init__(self, parent, style = wx.RAISED_BORDER)
self._workplace = workplace
sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
label = wx.StaticText(self, label="Workplace Funds")
self._balanceDisplay = wx.TextCtrl(self)
self._balanceDisplay.SetEditable(False)
self._balanceDisplay.SetValue('$' + str(workplace.Funds()))
revenue_button = wx.Button(self, label="Earn Revenue")
sizer.Add(label, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(self._balanceDisplay, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(revenue_button, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
self.SetSizer(sizer)
self.Show()
self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self._OnRevenueClick, revenue_button)
pub.subscribe(self._OnBalanceChange, "WORKPLACE_BALANCE_EVENT")
def _OnRevenueClick(self, event):
pub.sendMessage("APP_EVENT", event = AppEvents.EARN_REVENUE, value = (self._workplace))
def _OnBalanceChange(self):
self._balanceDisplay.SetValue('$' + str(self._workplace.Funds()))
文件：bank_view_separate_frames.py
import wx
from enum import Enum
from wx.lib.pubsub import setupkwargs
from wx.lib.pubsub import pub
import logging
#####
# The control events that the Controller can process
# Usually this would be in a module imported by each of M, V and C
# These are the possible values for the "event" parameter of an APP_EVENT message
class AppEvents(Enum):
APP_EXIT = 0
APP_ADD_WORKPLACE = 1
APP_ADD_CUSTOMER = 2
CUSTOMER_DEPOSIT = 3
CUSTOMER_WITHDRAWAL = 4
CUSTOMER_EARN = 5
PERSON_WORK = 6
EARN_REVENUE = 7
#################
#
# View
#
class MainWindow(wx.Frame):
def __init__(self, title):
wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, -1, title)
self._log = logging.getLogger("MVC Logger")
self._log.info("MVC View - separate workspace: starting...")
self._bankStatusDisplay = None
self._customerUIs = {}
self._workplaceUIs = {}
# this is where we will put display elements - it's up to the controller to add them
self._sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.HORIZONTAL)
self.SetSizer(self._sizer)
# but we do need one button immediately...
add_workplace_button = wx.Button(self, label="Add Workplace")
self._sizer.Add(add_workplace_button)
self._sizer.Layout()
self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self._OnAddWorkplaceClick, add_workplace_button)
# These are the events that cause us to update our display
pub.subscribe(self._OnCustomerBalanceChange, "CUSTOMER_BALANCE_EVENT")
pub.subscribe(self._OnBankBalanceChange, "BANK_BALANCE_EVENT")
self.Show()
def _OnAddWorkplaceClick(self, event):
pub.sendMessage("APP_EVENT", event = AppEvents.APP_ADD_WORKPLACE)
def AddWorkplace(self, workplace):
self._workplaceUIs[workplace.name] = WorkplaceInterface(self, workplace)
def AddBank(self, bank):
if not(self._bankStatusDisplay):
self._bankStatusDisplay = BankStatusDisplay(self, bank)
self._sizer.Add(self._bankStatusDisplay)
self._sizer.Layout()
else:
raise Exception("We can only handle one bank at the moment")
def AddCustomer(self, customer):
self._customerUIs[customer.name] = CustomerInterface(self, customer)
def AddWorkplace(self, workplace):
self._theWorkplaceUI = WorkplaceInterface(workplace)
def _OnCustomerBalanceChange(self, value):
customer = value
self._customerUIs[customer.name].UpdateBalance()
def _OnBankBalanceChange(self):
self._bankStatusDisplay.Update()
class BankStatusDisplay(wx.Panel):
def __init__(self, parent, bank):
wx.Panel.__init__(self, parent, style = wx.RAISED_BORDER)
self._bank = bank
sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
label = wx.StaticText(self, label="Bank Funds")
balance_display = wx.TextCtrl(self)
balance_display.SetEditable(False)
balance_display.SetValue('$' + str(bank.Funds()))
sizer.Add(label, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(balance_display, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
self.SetSizer(sizer)
self._balanceDisplay = balance_display
def Update(self):
self._balanceDisplay.SetValue('$' + str(self._bank.Funds()))
class CustomerInterface(wx.Frame):
def __init__(self, parent, customer):
wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, -1, customer.name, size = (200,300))
self._customer = customer
self._standardTransaction = 5 # how much customers try to deposit and withdraw
sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
label = wx.StaticText(self, label=customer.name)
self._balanceDisplay = wx.TextCtrl(self)
self._balanceDisplay.SetEditable(False)
self._balanceDisplay.SetValue('$' + str(customer.CashInHand()))
deposit_button = wx.Button(self, label="Deposit $" + str(self._standardTransaction))
withdraw_button = wx.Button(self, label="Withdraw $" + str(self._standardTransaction))
earn_button = wx.Button(self, label="Earn Money")
sizer.Add(label, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(self._balanceDisplay, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(deposit_button, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(withdraw_button, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(earn_button, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self._OnDepositClick, deposit_button)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self._OnWithdrawClick, withdraw_button)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self._OnEarnClick, earn_button)
self.SetSizer(sizer)
self.Show()
def _OnDepositClick(self, event):
pub.sendMessage("APP_EVENT", event = AppEvents.CUSTOMER_DEPOSIT, value = (self._customer, self._standardTransaction))
def _OnWithdrawClick(self, event):
pub.sendMessage("APP_EVENT", event = AppEvents.CUSTOMER_WITHDRAWAL, value = (self._customer, self._standardTransaction))
def _OnEarnClick(self, event):
pub.sendMessage("APP_EVENT", event = AppEvents.CUSTOMER_EARN, value = self._customer)
def UpdateBalance(self):
self._balanceDisplay.SetValue('$' + str(self._customer.CashInHand()))
class WorkplaceInterface(wx.Frame):
def __init__(self, workplace):
wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, -1, workplace.name, size = (200,200))
self._workplace = workplace
self._panel = wx.Panel(self, style = wx.RAISED_BORDER)
sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
label = wx.StaticText(self._panel, label="Funds")
self._balanceDisplay = wx.TextCtrl(self._panel)
self._balanceDisplay.SetEditable(False)
self._balanceDisplay.SetValue('$' + str(workplace.Funds()))
revenue_button = wx.Button(self._panel, label="Earn Revenue")
sizer.Add(label, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(self._balanceDisplay, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
sizer.Add(revenue_button, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL)
self._panel.SetSizer(sizer)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self._OnRevenueClick, revenue_button)
pub.subscribe(self._OnBalanceChange, "WORKPLACE_BALANCE_EVENT")
self.Show()
def _OnRevenueClick(self, event):
pub.sendMessage("APP_EVENT", event = AppEvents.EARN_REVENUE, value = (self._workplace))
def _OnBalanceChange(self):
self._balanceDisplay.SetValue('$' + str(self._workplace.Funds()))
散记：
我已将模型类命名为“ ThingoModel”。通常，您只是将它们命名为Thingo-暗含了“模型”，但我这样做是为了希望在此处清晰明了。
同样，选择视图组件的名称以强调其视图角色。
此示例显示视图的组件，该组件通过pubsub消息（“应用程序事件”）通知控制器用户所请求的内容
它显示了模型，这些模型使用pubsub消息（模型特定的事件）向“关心的人”（视图）通知可能需要更改视图的事件。
它让Controller告诉View使用方法调用做什么
非常小心不要直接拥有View访问模型。视图具有对模型的引用（对模型的引用），以显示模型中的信息。在C ++中，这些将是视图无法更改的常量。在python中，您所能做的就是规矩以确保View读取模型中的内容，但将所有内容通知给Controller
此代码扩展为非常轻松地支持多个客户。您应该能够在控制器中创建更多的东西，并且（手指交叉）它们将被处理
该代码假定只有一个银行。
我已经使用这种基本模式编写了几个大型wxpython应用程序。当我开始时，我将这些应用程序中的第一个作为MVC-P中的实验来构建。当意外情况迫使我完全重做GUI的布局时，我完全转换为这种方法。因为在我的视图中没有业务逻辑，所以这完全是易于处理的，并且重新完成的应用程序可用相对较快，并且功能退化很少。
本文收集自互联网，转载请注明来源。
如有侵权，请联系[email protected] 删除。
我来说两句